Access to justice is one of the fundamental prerequisites for the establishment of the judiciary as a full and self-sufficient mechanism for the protection of human rights and freedoms, in particular in criminal proceedings. The problem of ensuring access to justice in the criminal process is not limited to a single state, but attracts the attention of the international community, and therefore it is possible to talk about the internationalization of relevant standards in the field of criminal justice.

In view of the above, the purpose of this work is to examine international standards of access to justice in the criminal process on the basis of an analysis of universal and regional international human rights instruments and practices of the European Court of Human Rights with a view to their interpretation, implementation and incorporation into national practice.

Before directly analyzing international instruments that set standards for access to justice in criminal proceedings, the author briefly outlines the historical prerequisites for actively investigating problematic issues in this area. In addition, attention is drawn to the most appropriate definition of «international standards».

The article analyzes the provisions of international acts of general and regional importance, documents that have binding and recommendatory character for Ukraine, the provisions of which establishstandards of access to justice in criminal proceedings. According to the results of the research, two groups of international standards are outlined: organizational and legal, with an exhaustive list of rules that ensure their implementation.

Keywords: international standards, international instruments, access to justice, human rights, criminal procedure.

REFERENCES LIST OF LEGAL DOCUMENTS   LITIGATION

1. Deklaratsiia osnovnykh pryntsypiv pravosuddia dlia zhertv zlochyniv ta zlovzhyvannia vladoiu OON [Declaration of the basic principles of justice for victims of crime and abuse of power by the United Nations] vid 29.11.1985 <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_114> data zvernennia 21.02.2020 [in Russian].
2. Dodatkovyi protokol do Zhenevskykh konventsii vid 12.08.1949 roku, shcho stosuietsia zakhystu zhertv mizhnarodnykh zbroinykh konfliktiv (Protokol I) [Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 Concerning the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflict (Protocol I)] vid 08.06.1977 <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/main/995_199> data zvernennia 18.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
3. Dodatkovyi protokol do Zhenevskykh konventsii vid 12.08.1949 roku, shcho stosuietsia zakhystu zhertv zbroinykh konfliktiv nemizhnarodnoho kharakteru (Protokol II) Dodatkovyi protokol do Zhenevskykh konventsii vid 12.08.1949 roku, shcho stosuietsia zakhystu zhertv mizhnarodnykh zbroinykh konfliktiv (Protokol I) [Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 12.08.1949 Concerning the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflict (Protocol II)] vid 08.06.1977 <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ main/995_200> data zvernennia 21.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
4. Dodatok do rekomendatsii № R(81)7 Komitetu Ministriv derzhavam-chlenam Rady Yevropy shchodo shliakhiv polehshennia dostupu do pravosuddia [Annex to Recommendation No. R (81) 7 of the Committee of Ministers to Council of Europe member states on ways to facilitate access to justice] vid 14.05.1981 data zvernennia 18.02.2020 [in Russian].
5. Khartiia osnovnykh prav Yevropeiskoho Soiuzu [Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union] vid 07.12.2000 <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/main/994_524> data zvernennia 21.02.2020 [in Russian].
6. Konventsiia Orhanizatsii Obiednanykh Natsii pro likvidatsiiu vsikh form dyskryminatsii shchodo zhinok [United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women] vid 18.12.1979 <http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_207> data zvernennia 18.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
7. Konventsiia pro prava dytyny [Convention on the Rights of the Child] vid 20.11.1989 <https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/main/995_021> data zvernennia 18.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
8. Konventsiia pro prava osib z invalidnistiu [Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities] vid 13.12.2006 <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/main/995_g71> data zvernennia 18.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
9. Konventsiia pro status bizhentsiv [Refugee Convention] vid 28.07.1951 <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ laws/main/995_011> data zvernennia 18.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
10. Konventsiia pro zakhyst prav liudyny y osnovopolozhnykh svobod [Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms] vid 04.11.1950 https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_004 data zvernennia 18.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
11. Kryminalnyi protsesualnyi kodeks Ukrainy: Zakon Ukrainy [Criminal procedural code of Ukraine: Law of Ukraine] vid 16.04.2013 № 4651-VI <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4651–17> data zvernenia 16.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
12. Mizhnarodnyi pakt pro hromadianski i politychni prava [International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights] vid 16.12.1966 <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/main/995_043> data zvernennia 18.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
13. Nezalezhnist, efektyvnist ta oboviazky: Rekomendatsiia № CM/Rec(2010)12 Komitetu Ministriv Rady Yevropy derzhavam-chlenam shchodo suddiv [Independence, efficiency and responsibilities: Recommendation No. CM / Rec (2010) 12 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe to Member States on judges] vid 17.11.2010 <http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_a38> data zvernennia 18.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
14. Normy i principy OON v oblasti preduprezhdenija prestupnosti i ugolovnogo pravosudija. Osushhestvlenie i prioritety dlja budushhej vyrabotki standartov [UN standards аnd principles in crime prevention and criminal justice. Implementation and priorities for future standard setting] (Vena, 1991) Sbornik standartov i norm OON v oblasti preduprezhdenija prestupnosti i ugolovnogo pravosudija 145–156 [in Russian].
15. Osnovni pryntsypy nezalezhnosti sudovykh orhaniv: Rezoliutsii Heneralnoi Asamblei OON № 40/32 ta № 40/146 [Basic Principles for the Independence of the Judiciary: UN General Assembly Resolutions 40/32 and 40/146] vid 29.11.1985 та 13.12.1985 <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_201> data zvernennia 18.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
16. Pidsumkovyi dokument Videnskoi zustrichi derzhav-uchasnyts Narady z bezpeky ta spivrobitnytstva v Yevropi [The outcome document of the Vienna Meeting of the States Parties to the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe] vid 15.01.1989 <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_081> data zvernennia 21.02.2020 [in Russian].
17. Pro bezoplatnu pravovu dopomohu: Zakon Ukrainy [Free Legal Aid: Law of Ukraine] vid 02.06.2011 № 3460-VI <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3460–17> data zvernennia 17.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
18. Pro status suddiv: Yevropeiska khartiia pro zakon [On the status of judges: European Charter of Law] vid 10.07.1998 <http://zakon5.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/994_236> data zvernennia 18.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
19. Pro sudoustrii istatus suddiv: Zakon Ukrainy [On the Judiciary and Status of Judges: Law of Ukraine] vid 02.06.2016 № 1402-VIII <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1402–19> data zvernennia 18.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
20. Pro vykonannia rishen ta zastosuvannia praktyky Yevropeiskoho sudu z prav liudyny: Zakon Ukrainy [On the Enforcement of Judgments and the Practice of the European Court of Human Rights: Law of Ukraine] vid 23.02.2006 № 3477-IV <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3477–15> data zvernennia 14.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
21. Pro zaluchennia perekladachiv u kryminalnomu provadzhenni: Rishennia RSU [On the involvement of translators in criminal proceedings: RSU Decision] № 48 vid 09.06.2016 <http://www.rsu.gov.ua/ua/events/ risenna-rsu-no‑48-vid‑09062016-pro-zalucenna-perekladaciv-u-kriminalnomu-provadzenni> data zvernennia 21.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
22. Ramkova konventsiia pro zakhyst natsionalnykh menshyn [Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities] vid 01.02.1995 (2013) 75 Ofitsiinyi visnyk Ukrainy 2804 [in Ukrainian].
23. Rekomendatsiia N R (99) 19 Komitetu ministriv Rady Yevropy derzhavam – chlenam Rady, yaki zatsikavleni v orhanizatsii mediatsii u kryminalnykh spravakh Rada Yevropy [Recommendation N R (99) 19 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe to the member States of the Council which are interested in the organization of mediation in criminal matters by the Council of Europe] vid 15.09.1999 <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_828> data zvernennia 21.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
24. Rekomendatsiia № R(81)7 Komitetu Ministriv Rady Yevropy derzhavam-chlenam shchodo shliakhiv polehshennia dostupu do pravosuddia [Recommendation No. R (81) 7 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe to the Member States on ways of facilitating access to justice] vid 14.05.1981 <http:// zakon4. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_133> data zvernennia 17.02.2020 [in Russian].
25. Rekomendatsiia № R(94)12 Komitetu Ministriv Rady Yevropy pro nezalezhnist, diievist ta rol suddiv [Recommendation No. R (94) 12 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on the independence, effectiveness and role of judges] vid 13.10.1994 (1997) 4(6) Visnyk Verkhovnoho Sudu Ukrainy 10–11 [in Ukrainian].
26. Rezoliutsiia 40/33 Heneralnoi Asamblei OON [UN General Assembly resolution 40/33] vid

29.11.1985 <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_208> data zvernennia 21.02.2020 [in Russian].

1. Rezoliutsiia № R(78)8 Komitetu Ministriv Rady Yevropy pro yurydychnu dopomohu ta konsultatsii [Council of Europe Committee of Ministers Resolution No. R (78) 8 on Legal Aid and Consultation] vid 02.03.1978 <http://zakon5.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_132> data zvernennia 17.02.2020 [in Russian].
2. Yevropeiska sotsialna khartiia [European Social Charter] vid 03.05.1996 (2007) 51 Відомості Верховної Ради України 2096 [in Ukrainian].
3. Zahalna deklaratsiia prav liudyny [Universal Declaration of Human Rights] vid 10.12.1948 <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/main/995_015> data zvernennia 18.02.2020 [in Russian].
4. Zakliuchnyi akt Narady z bezpeky ta spivrobitnytstva v Yevropi [Final act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe] vid 01.08.1975 <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_055> data zvernennia 21.02.2020 [in Russian].
5. Zhenevska konventsiia pro polipshennia doli poranenykh i khvorykh u diiuchykh armiiakh [Geneva Convention on the Advancement of Wounded and Sick in the Armed Forces] vid 12.08.1949 <https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/ main/995_151> data zvernennia 21.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
6. Zhenevska konventsiia pro povodzhennia z viiskovopolonenymy [Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Prisoners of War] vid 12.08.1949 <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/main/995_153> data zvernennia 21.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
7. Zhenevska konventsiia pro zakhyst tsyvilnoho naselennia pid chas viiny [Geneva Convention on the Protection of Civilians during the War] vid 12.08.1949 <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_154> data zvernennia 21.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].

  CASES

1. Sprava «Doorson proty Niderlandiv»: Rishennia Yevropeiskoho sudu z prav liudyny vіd 26.03.1996 [Сase of Doorson v. the Netherlands: Judgment European Court of Human Rights, 26.03.1996] <https://www.hrdp.org/files/2013/09/08/CASE_OF_DOORSON_v._THE_NETHERLANDS_.pdf> data zvernennia 18.02.2020.
2. Sprava «Fortunskyi proty Ukrainy»: Rishennia Yevropeiskoho sudu z prav liudyny vіd 02.02.2017 [Сase of Fortunsky v. Ukraine: Judgment European Court of Human Rights, 02.02.2017] <https://zakon.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/974_d73> data zvernennia 17.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
3. Sprava «Holder proty Obiednanoho Korolivstva»: Rishennia Yevropeiskoho sudu z prav liudyny vіd 21.02.1975 [Сase of Golder v. United Kingdom: Judgment European Court of Human Rights, 21.02.1975] <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/ru/980_086> data zvernennia 14.02.2020 [in Russian].
4. Sprava «Horkovliuk ta Kahanovskyi proty Ukrainy»: Rishennia Yevropeiskoho sudu z prav liudyny vіd 04.10.2018 [Сase of Gorkovlyuk and Kaganovsky v. Ukraine: Judgment European Court of Human Rights, 04.10.2018] <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/974_e11> data zvernennia 16.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
5. Sprava «Orlov proty Ukrainy»: Rishennia Yevropeiskoho sudu z prav liudyny vіd 15.12.2011 [Сase of Orlov v. Ukraine: Judgment European Court of Human Rights, 15.12.2011] <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/974_921> data zvernennia 16.02.2020.
6. Sprava «Pelisie ta Sassi proty Frantsii»: Rishennia Yevropeiskoho sudu z prav liudyny vіd 15.12.2011 [Сase of Pelissier and Sassi v. France: Judgment European Court of Human Rights, 15.12.2011] <https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/980_398> data zvernennia 16.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
7. Sprava «Saranchov proty Ukrainy»: Rishennia Yevropeiskoho sudu z prav liudyny vіd від 09.09.2016 [Сase of Saranchov v. Ukraine: Judgment European Court of Human Rights, 09.09.2016] <https://zakon.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/974_b66> data zvernennia 18.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
8. Sprava «Shyshkina ta inshi proty Ukrainy»: Rishennia Yevropeiskoho sudu z prav liudyny vіd 28.06.2018 [Сase of Shishkin and Others v. Ukraine: Judgment European Court of Human Rights, 28.06.2018] <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/974_d79> data zvernennia 16.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
9. Sprava «Todorov proty Ukrainy»: Rishennia Yevropeiskoho sudu z prav liudyny vіd 12.01.2012 [Сase of Todorov v. Ukraine: Judgment European Court of Human Rights, 12.01.2012] <https://zakon.rada. gov.ua/laws/show/974_806> data zvernennia 16.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].
10. Sprava «Ueit i Kennedi proty Nimechchyny»: Rishennia Yevropeiskoho sudu z prav liudyny vіd 18.02.1999 [Сase of Waite and Kennedy v. Germany: Judgment European Court of Human Rights, 12.01.2012] <https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/980_394>data zvernennia 14.02.2020 [in Ukrainian].

  BIBLIOGRAPHY   AUTHORED BOOKS

1. Bryntsev V, Standarty pravovoi derzhavy: vtilennia u natsionalnu model orhanizatsiinoho zabezpechennia sudovoi vlady [Rule of Law Standards: Incorporating the National Model of Organizational Support for the Judiciary] (Kharkiv, 2010) 464 [in Ukrainian].
2. Omelianenko H, Minimalni standartni pravyla OON, shcho stosuiutsia vidpravlennia pravosuddia vidnosno nepovnolitnikh (Pekinski pravyla). Provadzhennia u spravakh pro zlochyny nepovnolitnikh yak dyferentsiatsiia kryminalno-protsesualnoi formy [Minimum UN Standard Rules on the Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules). Juvenile Criminal Proceedings as a Differentiation of Criminal Procedure] (Kyiv, 2002) Atika 75–102 [in Ukrainian].
3. Ovcharenko O, Dostupnist pravosuddia ta harantii yoho realizatsii [Access to justice and guarantees for its implementation] (Kharkiv, 2008) Pravo 304 [in Ukrainian].
4. Silantieva E, Orhanizatsiino-pravovi problemy pryntsypu spetsializatsii sudiv [Organizational and legal problems of the principle of specialization of courts] (Kharkiv, 2013) 20 [in Ukrainian].

  EDITED BOOKS

1. Komarova V, Kurs tsyvilnoho protsesu [Course of civil process] (Kharkiv, 2011) Pravo 1351 [in Ukrainian].
2. Lapkin A, Pravovi osnovy prokurorskoi diialnosti (za red. P.M. Karkacha) [Legal basis of prosecutorial activity (edited by PM Karkach)] (Kharkiv, 2013) 81 [in Ukrainian].

  JOURNAL ARTICLES

1. Marmazov V, ’Metody dynamichnoho tlumachennia Konventsii pro zakhyst prav liudyny ta osnovnykh svobod v yurysprudentsii Yevropeiskoho Sudu z prav liudyny’ [Methods of dynamic interpretation of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights] (Kyiv, 2002) Yurydychna knyha 400 [in Ukrainian].
2. Shybiko V, ’Dostup poterpiloho do pravosuddia u kryminalnomu provadzhenni z pryvatnoiu formoiu obvynuvachennia za KPK Ukrainy 2012 roku’ [Victim access to justice in criminal proceedings with private prosecution under the CCP of Ukraine in 2012] (2013) 2 Visnyk Kyivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni Tarasa Shevchenka 23–27 [in Ukrainian].
3. Rabinovych P, Venetska O,’Mizhnarodni standarty prav liudyny: zahalni oznaky, poniattia’ [International human rights standards: general features, concepts] (2012) 49 Yurydychnyi visnyk Ukrainy 8–14 [in Ukrainian].