Review

Abstract. The article substantiates that the current Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, having implemented the institution of covert investigative (search) actions and preserving the possibility of conducting operative and investigative measures in the interests of criminal justice, has significantly expanded the means of obtaining evidence in criminal proceedings. On the basis of the analysis of the materials of the practice of domestic law enforcement agencies and courts, the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, the norms of the current criminal procedural legislation, the legislation on operative-investigative activity and regulatory-legal departments, typical violations of the legislation in the conduct of undercover investigative (investigative) actions and their use are distinguished results in evidence by pre-trial investigation bodies and courts, which lead to the violation of human rights: 1) absence or groundlessness of factual and legal grounds for conducting secret investigative (search) actions; 2) violation of the deadlines for conducting secret investigative (research) actions; 3) incompleteness and violation of legislation when drawing up protocols of secret investigative (search) actions; 4) drawing up protocols of secret investigative (search) actions by unauthorized entities; 5) conducting or authorizing the conduct of covert investigative (search) actions by unauthorized entities; 6) the absence in the materials of the criminal proceedings of the decisions of the investigating judge on granting permission to conduct secret investigative (search) actions; 7) violation of the rules of admissibility and propriety when using the results of secret investigative (search) actions as evidence in a criminal trial; 8) violation of legality in the tactics and organization of secret investigative (search) proceedings. It is proved that the guarantees of legality and observance of human rights in the conduct of covert investigative (search) actions and investigative measures and the use of their results in evidence in criminal proceedings are: a mixed form of the domestic criminal process with the expansion of adversarial principles in the pre-trial investigation; procedural (legal) form of covert investigative (detective) actions and operative-detective measures; effective departmental control, prosecutorial supervision, judicial control; independence of the court; high professionalism of defenders, prosecutors, judges and pre-trial investigation bodies; low level of corruption of justice bodies and developed public control over their activities. Under the special regime in the conditions of martial law, state of emergency or in the area of anti-terrorist operation the guarantees of personal rights during the conduct of covert investigative (search) actions and operative-search measures are preserved. Key words: guarantees, rights and freedoms of a person, covert investigative (search) actions, operational-investigative activity, operational-investigative measures, pre-trial investigation, martial law, state of emergency or in the area of anti-terrorist operation.   REFERENCES LIST OF LEGAL DOCUMENTS LEGISLATION

1. Kryminalnyi protsesualnyi kodeks Ukrainy [Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine]: Zakon Ukrainy vid 13.04.2012 № 4651-VI data zvernennia 03.04.2021 [in Ukrainian].
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3. Pro pravovyi rezhym voiennoho stanu [On the legal regime of martial law] Zakon Ukrainy vid 12.05.2015 № 389-VIII (2015) 28 Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady (VVR) 250 [in Ukrainian].
4. Pro Natsionalne antykoruptsiine biuro [About the National Anti-Corruption Bureau] Zakon Ukrainy vid 14.10.2014 № 1698-VII (2014) 47 Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy 3040 [in Ukrainian].
5. Pro orhanizatsiiu provedennia nehlasnykh slidchykh (rozshukovykh) dii ta vykorystannia yikh rezultativ u kryminalnomu provadzhenni [On the organization of secret investigative (research) actions and the use of their results in criminal proceedings] Instruktsiia, zatv. spilnym nakazom Heneralnoi prokuratury Ukrainy, MVS Ukrainy, SB Ukrainy, Ministerstvom finansiv Ukrainy, Administratsiieiu DPS Ukrainy ta Ministerstvom yustytsii Ukrainy № 114/1042/516/1199/936/1681/51 vid 16.11.2012 data zvernennia 03.04.2021 [in Ukrainian].
6. Pro operatyvno-rozshukovu diialnist [About operative-search activity]: Zakon Ukrainy vid 18.02.1992 № 2135-XII data zvernennia 03.04.2021 [in Ukrainian].
7. Pro oboronu Ukrainy [On the defense of Ukraine] Zakon Ukrainy vid 06.12.1991 № 1932-XII (1992) 9 Vidomosti Verkhovnoi Rady Ukrainy (VVR) 106 [in Ukrainian].

CASES

1. Matanović v. Croatia, (аpplication no. 2742/12), ECHR 2017 < http://hudoc.echr.coe. int/ eng?i=001–172466> accessed 03.04.2021.
2. Bannikova v. Russia, (аpplication no. 18757/06), ECHR 2010 < https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/ rus?i=001–201818> дата звернення 03.04.2021.
3. Khudobin v. Russia, (аpplication no. 59696/00), 2006 дата звернення 03.04.2021.
4. Teixeira de Castro v. Portugal, (аpplication no. № 44/1997/828/1034) 1998 дата звернення 03.04.2021.
5. Bannikova v. Russia, (аpplication no. 18757/06), 2010 < https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/ rus?i=001–201818> дата звернення 03.04.2021.; Veselov and Others v. Russia, (аpplication no. 23200/10, 24009/07 and 556/10), 2012 дата звернення 03.04.2021.
6. Ramanauskas v. Lithuania, (аpplication no. 74420/01), 2008 дата звернення 03.04.2021.
7. Rishennia Konstytutsiinoho sudu Ukrainy [Decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine] vid 20.01.2012 № 2-rp/2012 data zvernennia 06.04.2021 [in Ukrainian].
8. Vyrok Ternopilskoho miskraionnoho sudu Ternopilskoi oblasti [Verdict of the Ternopil City and District Court of the Ternopil Region] vid 28.04.2015 po spravi № 607/18244/14-k data zvernennia 05.04.2021[in Ukrainian].
9. Ukhvala Apeliatsiinoho sudu Ternopilskoi oblasti [Decision of the Court of Appeal of the Ternopil region] vid 16.07.2015 po spravi № 607/18244/14 data zvernennia 05.04.2021[in Ukrainian].
10. Okrema dumka [Separate opinion] vid 11.07.2018 po spravi № 366/4522/15-k data zvernennia 05.04.2021[in Ukrainian].
11. Postanova Verkhovnoho Sudu [Resolution of the Supreme Court] vid 04.02.2020 po spravi № 311/1110/18 data zvernennia 05.04.2021[in Ukrainian].
12. Postanova Verkhovnoho Sudu [Resolution of the Supreme Court] vid 04.02.2019 po spravi № 357/3524/16-k data zvernennia 05.04.2021[in Ukrainian].

BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORED BOOKS

1. Pohoretskyi M A, Funktsionalne pryznachennia operatyvno-rozshukovoi diialnosti u kryminalnomu protsesi [Functional purpose of investigative activity in the criminal process] (Kharkiv, Arsis LTD, 2007) 576 [in Ukrainian].
2. Bahrii M V, Lutsyk V V, Nehlasni slidchi (rozshukovi) dii u kryminalnomu provadzhenni [Secret investigative (search) actions in criminal proceedings] (Ternopil, 2014) 308 [in Ukrainian].
3. Biliaiev V O, Stratehiia i taktyka protydii zlochynnosti zasobamy operatyvno-rozshukovoi diialnosti (za materialamy roboty pidrozdiliv karnoho rozshuku OVS Ukrainy) [Strategy and tactics of combating crime by means of operational and investigative activity (based on the materials of the criminal investigation units of the Ukrainian Armed Forces)] (Dnipropetrovsk, 2013) 316 [in Ukrainian].
4. Bilichak O A, Nehlasni slidchi (rozshukovi) dii [Secret investigative (search) actions] (Kyiv, 2014) 360 [in Ukrainian].
5. Drozd V H, Ponomarenko A V, Ablamskyi S Ye ta in. Zabezpechennia prav, svobod i zakonnykh interesiv osoby na stadii dosudovoho rozsliduvannia [Ensuring the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person at the stage of pre-trial investigation] (Kherson, Vydavnychyi dim «Helvetyka», 2019) 498 [in Ukrainian].
6. Ihnatiuk O V, Vykorystannia yak dokaziv materialiv, otrymanykh za rezultatamy provedennia operatyvno-rozshukovykh zakhodiv ta nehlasnykh slidchykh (rozshukovykh) dii pid chas dokazuvannia u sudovomu provadzhenni: teoriia i praktyka [Use as evidence of materials obtained as a result of operative investigative measures and covert investigative (detective) actions during evidence in court proceedings: theory and practice] (Kyiv, Nats. akad. vnutr. sprav, 2020) 1059 [in Ukrainian].
7. Koval A A, Zabezpechennia prav liudyny pry provadzhenni nehlasnykh slidchykh (rozshukovykh) dii [Ensuring human rights during the conduct of secret investigative (search) actions] (Mykolaiv, Vyd-vo ChNU im. Petra Mohyly, 2019) 264 [in Ukrainian].
8. Pohoretskyi M A, Problemy vykorystannia materialiv operatyvno-rozshukovoi diialnosti v kryminalnomu protsesi [Problems of using materials of investigative activity in the criminal process] (Kyiv, 2004) 336 [in Ukrainian].
9. Pohoretskyi M A, Operatyvno-rozshukova diialnist i kryminalnyi protses: problemy vzaiemozv’iazku [Operative investigative activity and criminal process: problems of interrelation] (Luhansk, 2008) Ch. 1, 216 [in Ukrainian].
10. Pohoretskyi M A, Operatyvno-rozshukova diialnist i kryminalnyi protses: problemy vzaiemozv’iazku [Operative investigative activity and criminal process: problems of interrelation] (Luhansk, 2008) Ch. 2, 252 [in Ukrainian].
11. Pohoretskyi M A, Yeskov S V, Serhieieva D B, Zniattia informatsii z kanaliv zv’iazku v diialnosti operatyvnykh ta slidchykh pidrozdiliv OVS [Withdrawal of information from communication channels in the activities of operational and investigative divisions of the Security Service of Ukraine] (Luhansk, 2012) 282 [in Ukrainian].
12. Serhieieva D B, Vykorystannia rezultativ nehlasnykh slidchykh (rozshukovykh) dii u kryminalnoprotsesualnomu dokazuvanni [Using the results of secret investigative (research) actions in criminal procedural evidence] (Kyiv, DP «Rozvytok», 2014) 272 [in Ukrainian].
13. Tahiiev S R, Nehlasni slidchi (rozshukovi) dii u kryminalnomu sudochynstvi Ukrainy [Secret investigative (search) actions in the criminal justice system of Ukraine] (Kyiv, VD «Dakor», 2015) 440 [in Ukrainian].

ARTICLES

1. Alenin Yu, Hurdzhi Yu, Publichna pryroda harantii prav osoby u kryminalnomu protsesi [The Public Nature of Guarantees of Individual Rights in Criminal Proceedings] (2003) 4 Pravo Ukrainy 30–32 [in Ukrainian].
2. Pohoretskyi M A, Mezhi doruchen slidchoho orhanu diznannia pro provedennia operatyvnorozshukovykh zakhodiv [The limits of the mandate of the investigative body to inquire about the implementation of operative and investigative measures] (2000) 9 Pravo Ukrainy 47–49 [in Ukrainian].
3. Pohoretskyi M A, Kryminalno-protsesualni harantii derzhavnoi taiemnytsi: do vyznachennia poniattia [Criminal procedural guarantees of state secrecy: to the definition of the concept] (2009) 11 Visnyk prokuratury 88–96 [in Ukrainian].
4. Pohoretskyi M A, Nehlasni slidchi (rozshukovi) dii: problemy provadzhennia ta vykorystannia rezultativ u dokazuvanni [Secret investigative (search) actions: problems of proceedings and use of results in evidence] (2013) 1 Yurydychnyi chasopys Natsionalnoi akademii vnutrishnikh sprav 270–277 [in Ukrainian].
5. Pohoretskyi M A, Serhieieva D B, Nehlasni slidchi (rozshukovi) dii ta operatyvno-rozshukovi zakhody: poniattia, sutnist i spivvidnoshennia [Covert investigative (search) actions and operational-search measures: concept, essence and relationship] (2014) 2 (33) Borotba z orhanizovanoiu zlochynnistiu i koruptsiieiu (teoriia i praktyka) 137–141 [in Ukrainian].
6. Pohoretskyi M A, Poniattia kryminalno-protsesualnykh harantii [Concept of criminal procedural guarantees] (2014) 2(10) Chasopys Natsionalnoho universytetu «Ostrozka akademiia». Seriia «Pravo» data zvernennia 03.04.2021 [in Ukrainian].
7. Pohoretskyi M A, Nehlasni slidchi (rozshukovi) dii: problemy provadzhennia ta vykorystannia rezultativ u dokazuvanni (2013) 1 Yurydychnyi chasopys Natsionalnoi akademii vnutrishnikh sprav 270–277 [in Ukrainian].
8. Pohoretskyi M A, Zastosuvannia provokatsii v khodi nehlasnykh rozsliduvan: pytannia pravomirnosti [Use of provocation in the course of secret investigations: the question of legality] (2016) 1 Visnyk kryminalnoho sudochynstva 33–43 [in Ukrainian].
9. Serhieieva D B, Dotrymannia konstytutsiinykh prav i svobod liudyny pry zniatti informatsii z kanaliv zv’iazku [Compliance with constitutional rights and human freedoms when removing information from communication channels] (2008) 3 Visnyk Kyivskoho nats. un-tu vnutr. sprav 57–62 [in Ukrainian].

DISSERTATIONS

1. Bilichak O A, Teoriia i praktyka provedennia nehlasnykh slidchykh (rozshukovykh) dii operatyvnymy pidrozdilamy SB Ukrainy [Theory and practice of covert investigative (research) actions by operative divisions of the Security Service of Ukraine] (dys… dokt. yuryd. Nauk: 12.00.09. Kyiv, NA SBU, 2015) 531[in Ukrainian].
2. Pohoretskyi M A, Teoretychni y praktychni problemy vykorystannia materialiv operatyvnorozshukovoi diialnosti v kryminalnomu protsesi (za materialamy Sluzhby bezpeky Ukrainy) [Theoretical and practical problems of the use of materials of investigative activity in the criminal process (based on the materials of the Security Service of Ukraine)] (dys. … d-ra yuryd. nauk: spets. 12.00.09. K.: Nats. akad. Sluzhby bezpeky Ukrainy, 2005) 531 [in Ukrainian].
3. Serhieieva D B, Teoretychni, pravovi ta prakseolohichni zasady vykorystannia rezultativ nehlasnykh slidchykh (rozshukovykh) dii u kryminalnomu protsesualnomu dokazuvanni [Theoretical, legal and praxeological principles of using the results of covert investigative (research) actions in criminal procedural evidence] (dys… dokt. yuryd. Nauk: 12.00.09. Odesa, 2015) 556 [in Ukrainian].
4. Trofymenko V M, Kryminalno-protsesualni harantii osobystosti v stadii sudovoho rozghliadu [Criminal procedural guarantees of the individual at the stage of trial] (dys. … kand. yuryd. nauk: spets. 12.00.09. Kharkiv, 2000) 188 [in Ukrainian].

CONFERENCE PAPERS 46. Pohoretskyi M A, Kryminalno-protsesualni harantii: do vyznachennia poniattia [Criminal procedural guarantees: to the definition of the concept] Materialy II Mizhnarodnoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii «Malynovski chytannia», m. Ostroh, 15–16 lystopada 2013 roku (Ostroh, Vyd-vo Natsionalnoho universytetu «Ostrozka akademiia», 2013) 289–292 [in Ukrainian].