Review

Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of the doctrine of the standard of proof in judicial proceedings, as well as to the comparison of already existing standards of proof. The study of the importance of standards of proof for economic and criminal justice in particular. The purpose is to analyze the doctrines of the standards of proof in court proceedings, to establish the legal nature of the categories «probability», «beyond a reasonable doubt», as well as partially «relevance», «admissibility», «reliability», «reasonable suspicion», as well as to carry out a comparative analysis of the standards of proof in the judiciary. On the basis of the conducted research, an analysis of many scientific works of scientists was carried out and it was established that there is no unambiguous definition to understand the concept of «standard of proof». Also, the understanding of the very standards of proof by both legislators and scientists is causing discussion. It has been established that in criminal proceedings it is appropriate to apply the standard of proof «beyond a reasonable doubt», as well as the standards of «reasonable suspicion» and «sufficient basis». The innovation of economic litigation, namely the standard of proof «probability of evidence», was also investigated. This standard of proof is ambiguously perceived by both academics and practitioners, and it was introduced not as another one, but instead of the standard «sufficiency of evidence», which used to be in commercial proceedings and still remains in civil proceedings. The author also pointed out the lack of a legislator in the Code of Criminal Procedure regarding the definition of the category «reliability» as a component of «belonging», while in the Code of Criminal Procedure «reliability is separated into a separate article. Key words: judicial procedure, standard of proof, probability, beyond a reasonable doubt, credibility, sufficiency, propriety, admissibility, reasonable suspicion, sufficient basis, subject of proof. economic process, criminal process. REFERENCES LIST OF LEGAL DOCUMENTS LEGISLATION

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CASES

1. Case of Nielsen v. Denmark (Application No 343/57): Decision of the European Commission of Human Rights 06.07.195914 accessed 20.05.2021.
2. 8 Case of Fox, Campbell and Hartley v. the United Kingdom (Application No 12244/86; 12245/86; 12383/86): Judgement of the European Court of Human Rights 30.08.1990 accessed 20.05.2021.
3. Case of Ara Harutyunyan v. Armenia (Application No 629/11): Judgement of the European Court of Human Rights 20.10.2016 accessed 20.05.2021.
4. Case of Makarenko v. Ukraine (Application No 622/11): Judgement of the European Court of Human Rights 30.01.2018 accessed 20.05.2021.
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12. Postanova Verkhovnoho Sudu vid 14 serpnia 2018 roku po spravi № 905/2382/17 [Resolution of the Supreme Court of August 14, 2018 in case No. 905/2382/17] data zvernennia 20.05.2021 [in Ukrainian].
13. Postanova Verkhovnoho Sudu vid 26.10.2020 roku po spravi № 907/477/20 [Resolution of the Supreme Court dated 10/26/2020 in case No. 907/477/20] data zvernennia 20.05.2021 [in Ukrainian].
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19. Sprava «Greison i Barnem proty Spoluchenoho Korolivstva» (Case of Grayson and Barnham v United Kingdom) (zaiava № 19955/05): rishennia Yevropeiskoho Sudu z prav liudyny vid 23.09.2008. HUDOC. European Court of Human Rights [Case of Grayson and Barnham v United Kingdom (application no. 19955/05): decision of the European Court of Human Rights dated 23.09.2008. HUDOC. European Court of Human Rights] data zvernennia 20.05.2021 [in Ukrainian].
20. Sprava «Korobov proty Ukrainy». (Korobov v. Ukraine), zaiava № 39598/03. rishennia Yevropeiskoho Sudu z prav liudyny vid 21.07.2011 r. [The case «Korobov v. Ukraine». (Korobov v. Ukraine), application No. 39598/03. decision of the European Court of Human Rights dated 07/21/2011,] data zvernennia 20.05.2021 [in Ukrainian].
21. Sprava «Tymoshenko proty Ukrainy». (Tymoshenko v. Ukraine)’ zaiava № 49872/11, rishennia Yevropeiskoho Sudu z prav liudyny vid 30.04.2013 r. [The Tymoshenko v. Ukraine case. (Tymoshenko v. Ukraine)’ application No. 49872/11, decision of the European Court of Human Rights dated 04/30/2013] data zvernennia 20.05.2021 [in Ukrainian].
22. Sprava «Ruiz-Mateos proty Ispanii». (Ruiz-Mateos v. Spain), zaiava № 12952/87, rishennia Yevropeiskoho Sudu z prav liudyny vid 23.06.1993 r. [The Ruiz-Mateos v. Spain case. (Ruiz-Mateos v. Spain), application No. 12952/87, decision of the European Court of Human Rights dated 23.06.1993] data zvernennia 20.05.2021 [in Ukrainian].
23. Sprava «Mantovanelli proty Frantsii». (Mantovanelli c. France), zaiava № 21497/93 rishennia Yevropeiskoho Sudu z prav liudyny vid 18 bereznia 1997 r. [The case of Mantovanelli v. France. (Mantovanelli v. France), application No. 21497/93 of the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 18 March 1997,] data zvernennia 20.05.2021 [in Ukrainian].
24. Sprava «Lobo Machado proty Portuhalii» (LoboMachado v. Portugal), zaiava № 15764/89, rishennia Yevropeiskoho Sudu z prav liudyny vid 20.02.1996 r. [Case «Lobo Machado v. Portugal», application No. 15764/89, decision of the European Court of Human Rights of 20.02.1996] data zvernennia 20.05.2021 [in Ukrainian].
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26. Sprava «Niderost-Huber proty Shveitsarii» (Nideröst Huberv. Switzerland), zaiava № 18990/91, rishennia Yevropeiskoho Sudu z prav liudyny vid 18.01.1997 r. [Case «Nideröst Huberv. Switzerland» (Nideröst Huberv. Switzerland), application No. 18990/91, decision of the European Court of Human Rights dated 18.01.1997] data zvernennia 20.05.2021 [in Ukrainian].
27. Sprava «Dzh. K. ta Inshi proty Shvetsii» (J.K. AND OTHERS v. SWEDEN) zaiava № 19075/91, rishennia Yevropeiskoho Sudu z prav liudyny vid 20.02.1996 r. [The case of «J. K. and Others v. Sweden» (J.K. AND OTHERS v. SWEDEN) application No. 19075/91, decision of the European Court of Human Rights dated February 20, 1996] data zvernennia 20.05.2021 [in Ukrainian].
28. Sprava «Benderskyi proty Ukrainy» (BENDERSKIY v. Ukraine) zaiava № 19075/91, rishennia Yevropeiskoho Sudu z prav liudyny vid 20.02.1996 r. [The case «Benderskiy v. Ukraine» (BENDERSKIY v. Ukraine) application No. 19075/91, decision of the European Court of Human Rights dated February 20, 1996] data zvernennia 20.05.2021 [in Ukrainian].
29. Sprava «Khamidov proty Rosii» (Khamidov v. Russia), zaiava № 72118/01, rishennia Yevropeiskoho Sudu z prav liudyny vid 15.11.2007 r. [Khamidov v. Russia case, application No. 72118/01, decision of the European Court of Human Rights dated November 15, 2007] https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22\\%22CASE%20OF%20KHAMIDOV%20v.%20 RUSSIA\\%22 %22],%22documentcollectionid2 %22:[%22GRANDCHAMBER%22,%22CHA MBER%22], %22itemid%22:[%22001–119769 %22]}> data zvernennia 20.05.2021[in Ukrainian].
30. Sprava «Diuldin ta Kislov proty Rosii» (Dyuldin and Kislov v. Russia), zaiava № 25968/02, rishennia Yevropeiskoho Sudu z prav liudyny vid 31.10.2007 r. [Dyuldin and Kislov v. Russia case, application No. 25968/02, decision of the European Court of Human Rights dated October 31, 2007] data zvernennia 20.05.2021 [in Ukrainian].

BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHORED BOOKS

1. Del Mar K, The International Court of Justice and Standards of Proofin. The ICJ and the Development of International law. The Lasting Impact of the Corfu Channel case (London, Routledge, 2011) 98–123.
2. Pohoretskyi M A, Funktsionalne pryznachennia operatyvno-rozshukovoi diialnosti u kryminalnomu protsesi [Functional assignment of investigative activity in the criminal process] (Kharkiv, Arsis LTD, 2007) 460 [in Ukrainian].
3. Schweizer M, The civil standard of proof – what is it, actually? (Bonn, Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, 2013) 33.
4. Vapniarchuk V V, Teoriia i praktyka kryminalnoho protsesualnoho dokazuvannia [Theory and practice of criminal procedural evidence] monohrafiia (Kharkiv., Yurait, 2017) 408 [in Ukrainian].
5. Hrazhdanskyi protsess [Civil process] Vershynyn A P, Kryvonosova L A, Mytyna M A y dr.; pod red V A Musyna, N A Chechynoi, D M Chechota. yzd. 3-e, pererab. y dop. (Moskva, Prospekt, 2001) 542 [in Russian].
6. De Salvya M, Pretsedenty Evropeiskoho Suda po pravam cheloveka. Rukovodiashchye pryntsypы sudebnoi praktyky, otnosiashchyesia k Evropeiskoi konventsyy o zashchyte prav cheloveka y osnovopolozhnskh svobod. Sudebnaia praktyka s 1960 po 2002 h. [Precedents of the European Court of Human Rights. Guiding principles of judicial practice relating to the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Judicial practice from 1960 to 2002] (SPb., Yzd-vo «Iurydycheskyi tsentr Press», 2004) 1072 [in Russian].
7. Monteske Sh, Yzbrannse sochynenyia [Selected works] / red. M P Baskyna (Moskva, Yzd-vo polytycheskoi lyteratury, 1955) 799 [in Russian].
8. Pilkov K M, Teoriia i praktyka dokazuvannia u mizhnarodnomu komertsiinomu arbitrazhi [Theory and practice of evidence in international commercial arbitration] monohrafiia (Kyiv, Osvita Ukrainy, 2016) [in Ukrainian].

JOURNAL ARTICLES

1. Clermont K M, Procedure’s Magical Number Three: Psychological Bases for Standards of Decision (1987) Cornell Law Faculty Publications 1115–1155.
2. Clermont K M, Comparative View of Standardsof Proof (2002) 50 American Journal of Comparative Law 243–275 accessed 20.05.2021.
3. Pohoretskyi M A, Mitskan O A, Standari dokazuvannia «obgruntovana pidozra» u praktytsi Yevropeiskoho sudu z prav liudyny: vplyv na vitchyznianu pravozastosovnu praktyku [Standards of proof of «reasonable suspicion» in the practice of the European Court of Human Rights: impact on domestic law enforcement practice] (2019) 1 Visnyk kryminalnoho sudochynstva 37–49 [in Ukrainian].
4. Pohoretskyi M, Poniattia, zmist ta struktura kryminalnoho protsesu: problemy teorii ta praktyky [The concept, content and structure of the criminal process: problems of theory and practice] (2013) Pravo Ukrainy 42–54 [in Ukrainian].
5. Pohoretskyi M A, Nova kontseptsiia kryminalnoho protsesualnoho dokazuvannia [A new concept of criminal procedural evidence] (2015) 3 Visnyk kryminalnoho sudochynstva Ukrainy 63–79 [in Ukrainian].
6. Pohoretskyi M A, Mitskan O A, Standart dokazuvannia «dostatnia pidstava» u kryminalnomu protsesi Ukrainy [The standard of proof «sufficient basis» in the criminal process of Ukraine] (2019) 3 Visnyk kryminalnoho sudochynstva 31–42 data zvernennia 22..05. 2021 [in Ukrainian].
7. Kret H R, Poniattia y oznaky standartiv dokazuvannia v doktryni kryminalnoho protsesu [Concepts and signs of standards of proof in the doctrine of criminal procedure] (2018) 6 (2) Visegrad journal on human rights 133–138 [in Ukrainian].
8. Melekh L V, Pravova kharakterystyka instytutu dokaziv i dokazuvannia zakordonnykh krain [Legal characteristics of the institute of evidence and proof of foreign countries] (2016) 1 Visnyk Luhanskoho derzhavnoho universytetu vnutrishnikh sprav imeni E. O. Didorenka 252–261 [in Ukrainian].
9. Ratushna B, Standart dokazuvannia yak kryterii dostovirnosti rezultatu sudovoho piznannia [The standard of proof as a criterion for the reliability of the result of judicial knowledge] (2012) 6 Pravo Ukrainy 282 [in Ukrainian].

DISSERTATIONS

1. Kret H R, Mizhnarodni standarty dokazuvannia u kryminalnomu protsesi Ukrainy: teoretyko-pravovi ta praktychni osnovy [International standards of evidence in the criminal process of Ukraine: theoretical, legal and practical foundations] (dys. … dok. yuryd. Nauk: 12.00.09. Odesa. nats. un-t. Odeska yuryd. akad. 2020) 560 [in Ukrainian].
2. Lytvyn O V, Kryminalne protsesualne dokazuvannia u stadii sudovoho rozghliadu [Criminal procedural evidence at the stage of trial] (dys. … kand. yuryd. nauk: 12.00.09. Odesa, 2015) 214 [in Ukrainian].
3. Sliusarchuk Kh R, Standarty dokazuvannia u kryminalnomu provadzhenni [Standards of proof in criminal proceedings] (avtoref. dys. … kand. yuryd. nauk: 12.00.09. Lviv, 2017) 24 [in Ukrainian].

СONFERENCE PAPERS

1. Pohoretskyi M A, Nova kontseptsiia kryminalnoho protsesualnoho dokazuvannia ta yii realizatsiia v chynnomu KPK Ukrainy [A new concept of criminal procedural evidence and its implementation in the current Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine] Aktualni pytannia dokazuvannia u kryminalnomu protsesi: zbirnyk materialiv naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii (m. Kyiv, 27 liutoho 2015 roku) (Kyiv, Vydavets, 2015) 22–27 [in Ukrainian].

56. Pohoretskyi M A, Dokazuvannia u kryminalnomu protsesi: poniattia, zmist, struktura [Evidence in the criminal process: concept, content, structure] Aktualni problemy dokazuvannia u kryminalnomu provadzhenni: materialy Vseukrainskoi naukovo-praktychnoi Internet-konferentsii (m. Odesa, yu 27 lystopada 2013 r.) / Alenin Yu P (Odesa, Yurydychna literatura, 2013) 17–21 [in Ukrainian].