Review

Abstract. The article examines the problematic issues that arose as a result of the addition of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, Art. 111–2, ways of eliminating the identified shortcomings are being investigated. Not recognizing criminalized in Art. 111–2 of the Criminal Code acts neither by treason nor by collaborative activity, but by creating a new concept – «assistance to the aggressor state», and without offering distinguishing features at the same time, the legislator additionally complicates the qualification of forms of cooperation with the aggressor and increases uncertainty in the already imperfect conceptual the apparatus of crimes against the foundations of national security of Ukraine. Analysis of the disposition of Art. 111–2 and the existing norms of the Criminal Code of Ukraine before its adoption indicate that the existing criminal offenses already contained grounds for bringing the guilty person to criminal responsibility for various forms of cooperation (aid, abetment) with representatives of the aggressor state, illegal authorities created on temporarily occupied territory, including by the occupation administration of the aggressor state, and therefore there was no need for its acceptance at all. The current situation does not contribute to the clarity of the criminal-legal assessment of the actions of persons who provide assistance (contribute) to the aggressor state, inhibits the pre-trial investigation, and in addition, taking into account the corruption risks created by the normative «backlash», opens wide opportunities for the arbitrary qualification of some and the same actions of the suspects ranging from a criminal misdemeanor to a particularly serious crime. Based on the above, as well as taking into account the practical identity of the concepts «collaborative activity» and «assistance to the aggressor state», we support the proposal to exclude Art. 111–2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, as it provides for collaborative activity in its separate forms, which are already defined in Art. 111–1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, and its separate provisions to be included in the text of Art. 111–1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine] with the corresponding differentiation of punishment.

Key words: aiding and abetting, aggressor state, collaborative activity, treason.

REFERENCES

LIST OF LEGAL DOCUMENTS

LEGISLATION

1. Pro vnesennia zmin do deiakykh zakonodavchykh aktiv Ukrainy shchodo vstanovlennia kryminalnoi vidpovidalnosti za kolaboratsiinu diialnist [On amendments to some legislative acts of Ukraine regarding the establishment of criminal liability for collaborative activity] Zakon Ukrainy vid 03.03.2022 № 2108-IX data zvernennia 25.05.2023 [in Ukrainian].
2. Pro vnesennia zmin do Kryminalnoho kodeksu Ukrainy shchodo posylennia vidpovidalnosti za zlochyny proty osnov natsionalnoi bezpeky Ukrainy v umovakh dii rezhymu voiennoho stanu [On amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine regarding increased liability for crimes against the foundations of national security of Ukraine under the conditions of martial law] Zakon Ukrainy vid 03.03.2022 № 2113-IX data zvernennia 25.05.2023 [in Ukrainian].
3. Pro vnesennia zmin do Kryminalnoho ta Kryminalnoho protsesualnoho kodeksiv Ukrainy shchodo udoskonalennia vidpovidalnosti za kolaboratsiinu diialnist ta osoblyvostei zastosuvannia zapobizhnykh zakhodiv za vchynennia zlochyniv proty osnov natsionalnoi ta hromadskoi bezpeky [On amendments to the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes of Ukraine regarding the improvement of responsibility for collaborative activity and the specifics of the application of preventive measures for committing crimes against the foundations of national and public security] Zakon Ukrainy vid 14.04.2022 № 2198-IX data zvernennia 25.05.2023 [in Ukrainian].
4. Pro vnesennia zmin do Kryminalnoho ta Kryminalnoho protsesualnoho kodeksiv Ukrainy shchodo udoskonalennia vidpovidalnosti za kolaboratsiinu diialnist ta osoblyvosti zastosuvannia zapobizhnykh zakhodiv za vchynennia zlochyniv proty osnov natsionalnoi ta hromadskoi bezpeky [On making changes to the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Codes of Ukraine regarding the improvement of responsibility for collaborative activity and the specifics of the application of preventive measures for committing crimes against the foundations of national and public security] Poiasniuvalna zapyska do proektu Zakonu Ukrainy vid 14.04.2022 data zvernennia 25.05.2023 [in Ukrainian].
5. Pro vnesennia zmin do Kryminalnoho ta Kryminalnoho protsesualnoho kodeksiv Ukrainy shchodo udoskonalennia vidpovidalnosti za kolaboratsiinu diialnist ta sumizhni kryminalni pravoporushennia [On amendments to the Criminal and Criminal Procedural Codes of Ukraine regarding the improvement of liability for collaborative activities and related criminal offenses] Proekt Zakonu vid 20.07.2022 № 7570 data zvernennia 25.05.2023 [in Ukrainian].
6. Pro vnesennia zmin do Kryminalnoho ta Kryminalnoho protsesualnoho kodeksiv Ukrainy shchodo udoskonalennia vidpovidalnosti za kolaboratsiinu diialnist ta sumizhni kryminalni pravoporushennia [On Amendments to the Criminal and Criminal Procedural Codes of Ukraine on Improving Liability for Collaborative Activities and Related Criminal Offenses] Poiasniuvalna zapyska do proektu Zakonu Ukrainy vid 20.07.2022 № 7570 data zvernennia 25.05.2023 [in Ukrainian].

BIBLIOGRAPHY JOURNAL ARTICLES

1. Kravchuk O, Bondarenko M, Posobnytstvo derzhavi ahresoru: novi sklady zlochyniv za st. 111–2 Kryminalnoho kodeksu Ukrainy [Assistance to the aggressor state: new types of crimes under Art. 111–2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine] data zvernennia 25.05.2023 [in Ukrainian].

WEBSITES

1. Kolaboratsionyzm. Entsyklopediia suchasnoi Ukrainy [Collaborationism. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine] data zvernennia 25.05.2023 [in Ukrainian].
2. Posobnytstvo. Akademichnyi tlumachnyi slovnyk [Assistance Academic explanatory dictionary] (1970–1980) data zvernennia 25.05.2023 [in Ukrainian].