Review

Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of guarantees of protection of journalistic sources when applying temporary access to things and documents in the criminal procedural law of Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the current criminal procedural legislation of Ukraine, the author defines the subject matter of journalistic secrecy, which is: 1) a source of information; 2) information which is held/received by a journalist or a media outlet with a view to its dissemination or use in their professional activities; 3) any other information (documents, records) which allow establishing a connection between a journalist and a source of information. The author establishes that the lack of proper judicial control over the legality of investigators’ claims, the formal approach to consideration of applications for temporary access to things and documents, and the impossibility of appealing against the relevant rulings on appeal create a risk of disclosure of information in the possession of a media outlet or a journalist and provided to them on condition that the authorship or source of information is not disclosed. It is proved that the use of temporary access to things and documents containing legally protected information, in particular, information in the possession of a media outlet or a journalist and provided to them on condition that the authorship or source of information is not disclosed, without a ruling of an investigating judge or a court is inadmissible. The European Court of Human Rights has determined in a number of decisions that disclosure of sources is acceptable only in exceptional cases when it comes to protecting vital interests. These include cases of sexual abuse of children, disclosure of particularly serious crimes, etc. However, the decision to disclose the source of information must be made by an independent and impartial judicial authority and must contain a detailed justification why the disclosure of journalistic «sources» of information outweighs the journalist’s right to keep them secret. It is important to emphasize the need to eliminate formalism in the consideration of motions for temporary access to things and documents, and especially in cases involving information containing legally protected secrets (in particular, the secrecy of journalistic sources). In such cases, the law requires that the investigating judge find a fair balance between the right to secure criminal proceedings for the purpose of to solve the crime and the right to keep secrets protected by law, in particular the secrecy of journalistic sources (see para. 1, part 1, Article 162, part 6, Article 163 of the CPC of Ukraine). In view of this, the practice of considering such motions within 5–5 minutes should be recognized as unacceptable. motions within 4–5 minutes, as this does not allow for a thorough familiarization with the case file, conduct an appropriate analysis, and make a reasoned decision. Keywords: criminal proceedings, evidence, temporary access to things and documents, legally protected secrets, journalistic sources.   REFERENCES LIST OF LEGAL DOCUMENTS LEGISLATION

1. Pro informatsiiu [About the information]: Zakon Ukrainy vid 02.10.1992 № 2657-XII data zvernennia 03.11.2021 [in Ukrainian].
2. Pro drukovani zasoby masovoi informatsii (presu) v Ukraini [On the print media (press) in Ukraine]: Zakon Ukrainy vid 16.11.1992 № 2782-XII data zvernennia 03.11.2021 [in Ukrainian].
3. Pro telebachennia i radiomovlennia [On television and radio broadcasting]: Zakon Ukrainy vid 21.12.1993 № 3759-XII data zvernennia 03.11.2021 [in Ukrainian].
4. Rekomendatsiia Komitetu Ministriv Rady Yevropy № R (2000) 7 «Pro pravo zhurnalistiv ne rozkryvaty svoi dzherela informatsii» [On the right of journalists not to disclose their sources of information] data zvernennia 03.11.2021 [in Ukrainian].
5. Pro zakhyst zhurnalistskykh dzherel [On the protection of journalistic sources]: Rekomendatsiia PARE1950 (2011) http://assembly.coe.int/ nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid= 17943&lang=en> data zvernennia 03.11.2021 [in Ukrainian].

CASES

1. Case ECtHR, 27.03.1996, Goodwin v. the United Kingdom, № 17488/90 § 39 data zvernennia 03.11.2021 [in English].
2. Case ECtHR, 15.12.2009, Financial Times Ltd. and Others v. the United Kingdom. Zaiava № . 821/03, data zvernennia 03.11.2021 [in English].
3. Case ECtHR, 14.09.2010, Sanoma Uitgevers B.V. v. the Netherlands [GC]. Zaiava № . 38224/03 data zvernennia 03.11.2021 [in English].
4. Case ECtHR, 22.11.2012, Telegraaf Media Nederland Landelijke Media B.V. and Others v. the Netherlands. Zaiava № 39315/06 data zvernennia 03.11.2021 [in English].
5. Case ECtHR, 22.11.2007, Voskuil v. the Netherlands. Zaiava № . 64752/01, § 65 data zvernennia 03.11.2021 [in English].
6. Case ECtHR, 15.11.2018, Sedletska proty Ukrainy № 42634/18itemid%22:[%22002–12241%22]}> data zvernennia 03.11.2021 [in Ukrainian].
7. Ukhvala Kyivskoho apeliatsiinoho sudu [Decision of the Kyiv Court of Appeal] vid 01.03.2019 roku, sprava № 11-cc/824/1647/2019. Yedynyi reiestr sudovykh rishen data zvernennia 03.11.2021 [in Ukrainian].
8. Ukhvala Pecherskoho raionnoho sudu mista Kyieva [Decision of the Pechersk District Court of Kyiv] vid 27.08.2018, sprava № 757/42049/18-k. Yedynyi reiestr sudovykh rishen data zvernennia 03.11.2021 [in Ukrainian].
9. Ukhvala Apeliatsiinoho sudu m. Kyieva [Decision of the Kyiv Appeal Court] vid 18.09.2018, sprava 757/42049/18-k. Yedynyi reiestr sudovykh rishen data zvernennia 03.11.2021 [in Ukrainian].

BIBLIOGRAPHY JOURNAL ARTICLES

1. Slipchenko V I, Mezhi zastosuvannia orhanamy dosudovoho rozsliduvannia tymchasovoho dostupu do rechei i dokumentiv, yaki mistiat likarsku ta notarialnu taiemnytsiu, a takozh znakhodiatsia u volodinni zasobiv masovoi informatsii [Limits of application by pre-trial investigation authorities of temporary access to things and documents containing medical and notarial secrets, as well as those in the possession of the media] 3 (2013) Naukovyi visnyk Dnipropetrovskoho derzhavnoho universytetu vnutrishnikh sprav 450–458 data zvernennia 03.11.2021 [in Ukrainian].
2. Cherniavskyi S S, Finaheiev V O, Problemy tymchasovoho dostupu do informatsii, yaka znakhodytsia v operatoriv ta provaideriv komunikatsii [Problems of temporary access to information held by communications operators and providers] 1(5) (2013) Yurydychnyi chasopys Natsionalnoi akademii vnutrishnikh sprav data zvernennia 03.11.2021 [in Ukrainian].

BOOKS

1. Makarov M A, Teoriia ta praktyka zdiisnennia sudovoho kontroliu u kryminalnomu protsesi [Theory and practice of judicial control in criminal proceedings] (VTs «Kafedra», 2017) 434 [in Ukrainian].